1947.0923 Twining memo

 

documents_1
Twining memo

On 23 September 1947, a memo from Lt-General Nathan F Twining (chief of Air Materiel Command) to Brig-General George Schulgen (Commanding General, Army Air Forces) reports on the current knowledge of UFOs and recommends that a permanent project be set up to study them.

(Commonly referred to as “the Twining memo” or “the Twining letter”).

 

 

Sections below:

1. Web Resources

2. Book References

3. Other material

 

Web Resources

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Book References

Image of relevant memo presented by Brookesmith, Peter in his “UFO: The Government Files” (1996) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 22-23 (in Chapter 1) of the Parragon hardback edition.

Image of complete memo presented by Swords, Michael D in “The Roswell Report : A Historical Perspective” (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) (edited by Eberhart, George) at pages 31-33 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “The summer of 1947 : UFOs and the US government at the beginning”) of the CUFOS paperback edition.

Complete text of memo of memo presented by Steiger, Brad in his “Project Blue Book“ (1976) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 214-216 of the Ballantine Books paperback edition (in Chapter Eight).

Complete text presented by Shawcross, Tim in his “The Roswell File” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 138-140 (in Chapter 8) of the Bloomsbury softcover edition.

Complete text of memo presented in the Condon Report (“Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects”, Edward U Condon (Director) and Daniel S Gillmor (Editor) (1969)) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 1379-1381 (in Appendix R) of the uncorrected version submitted to the Air Force (with the same page numbering in the 3 volume paperbound edition distributed by the National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce) at pages 894-895 of the Vision hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Bantam paperback edition). The first of these editions has the same page numbering as the edition available free online at the following links:

http://www.project1947.com/shg/condon/contents.html

 

For discussion of the Twining memo see the following:

 

Year

 

Discussion by:

 

No. of Pages

1997

Baker, Alan (with text of memo) “Sci-Fi Channel: True Life Encounters: UFO Sightings” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 141-144 (in Chapter 5) of the Orion softcover edition.

4

1999

Baker, Alan in his “The Encyclopaedia of Alien Encounters” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 224-225 (in an entry entitled “Sign (Project)”) of the Virgin hardback edition.

2

1995

Berliner, Don with Galbraith, Marie and Huneeus, Antonio in their “UFO Briefing Document : The Best Available Evidence“ (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 59 (Part 2: Case Histories, section entitled “1947: First American Sighting Wave”) and mentioned on pages 22, 153 and 212 of the Dell paperback edition.

4

1980

Berlitz, Charles and Moore, Bill in their “The Roswell Incident“ (1980) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 145-147 (in Chapter 8) of the Granada hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Granada paperback edition).

3

2004

Birnes, William in his “The UFO Magazine UFO Encyclopedia” (2004) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 308-309 (in an entry entitled “Twining, Nathan”) of the Pocket Books softcover edition.

2

1974

Blum, Ralph and Blum, Judy (with complete text of memo ) in their “Beyond Earth: Man’s Contact with UFOs” (1974) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 79-82 (in Chapter 7) of the Bantam paperback edition (with the same page numbering in the Corgi paperback edition).

4

1996

Brookesmith, Peter (with image of relevant memo) in his “UFO: The Government Files” (1996) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 22-24 (in Chapter 1), 170 (in the Epilogue) of the Parragon hardback edition.

4

1974

Brummett, William E (Major, USAF) and Zuick, Ernest R (Captain) on page 8 of a research paper entitled “Should The Air Force Reopen Project Blue Book?” submitted to the Air and Staff College of the Air (Force) University on 17th May 1974. Available online at http://www.cufon.org/cufon/afrstdy1.htm

1

1995

Bryan, C D B in his “Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Alien Abduction, UFOs, and the Conference at MIT” (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 187-188 (in Chapter 5) of the Weidenfeld & Nicolson hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Knopf hardback edition and the Penguin Arkana softcover edition) at pages 251-253 of the Orion paperback edition.

2

1998

Campagna, Palmiro in his “The UFO Files: The Canadian Connection Exposed” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 28-29 (in Chapter 2), 153 (in Chapter 11) of the Stoddart softcover edition.

3

1990

Canadeo, Anne in her “UFO’s: The Fact or Fiction File” (1990) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 11 (in Chapter 2 of the pro-UFO side of the book, i.e. the side which starts with the Chapter 1 entitled “Visitors at Cisco Grove”) of the Walker hardback edition.

1

2003

Clark, Jerome in his “Strange Skies: Pilot Encounters with UFOs” (2003) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 55 (in Chapter 3) of the Citadel softcover edition.

1

1998

Clark, Jerome in his “The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 489 of the Visible Ink Press softcover edition in an entry entitled “Project Sign”.

1

1992

Clark, Jerome in his “The UFO Encyclopedia: 1st edition: Volume 2 – Emergence of a Phenomenon” (1992) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 282 (in an entry entitled “Project Sign”) of the Omnigraphics hardback edition.

1

1992

Clark, Jerome in his “UFO Encounters” (1992) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 26 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “UFOs: The Official Story”) of the Publications International hardback edition.

1

2007

Clarke, David and Roberts, Andy in their “Flying Saucerers : A social history of UFOlogy” (2007) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 11 (in Chapter 1) of the Alternative Albion softcover edition.

1

2002

Clarke, David and Roberts, Andy in their “Out Of The Shadows” (2002) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 51 (in Chapter 3) of the Piatkus hardback edition.

1

2009

Clarke, David in his “The UFO Files : The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings” (2009) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 39 (in Chapter 2) of the National Archives softcover edition.

1

1969

Condon Report (“Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects”, Edward U Condon (Director) and Daniel S Gillmor (Editor) (1969)) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 844, 874 (in Section 5, Chapter 2 “UFOs: 1947-1968”, by Edward U Condon) of the uncorrected version submitted to the Air Force (with the same page numbering in the 3 volume paperbound edition distributed by the National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce) at pages 502, 522 of the Vision hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Bantam paperback edition). The first of these editions has the same page numbering as the edition available free online at the following links:

http://www.project1947.com/shg/condon/contents.html

2

2001

Cook, Nick in his “The Hunt for Zero Point” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 35-38 (in Chapter 3), 44 (in Chapter 4), 141 (in Chapter 13), 150-151 (in Chapter 14) of the Century hardback edition.

8

1997

Corso, Philip J with Birnes, William J in their “The Day After Roswell” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 64-67 (in Chapter 5) of the Pocket Books paperback edition.

4

1995

Cousineau, Phil in his “UFOs: A Manual for the Millenium” (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 76 (in Chapter 3) of the Harper Collins paperback edition.

1

1979

Crockett, Art in “The Total UFO Story” (1979) (edited by Milt Machlin) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 147-148 (in Chapter 6) of the Dale paperback edition.

2

2000

Darling, David in his “The Extraterrestrial Encyclopedia” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 430-431 (in the entry entitled “Twining, Nathan F (1897-1982)”) of the Three Rivers softcover edition.

2

1997

Dennett, Preston E in his “One in Forty : The UFO Epidemic” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 287 (in Chapter 40) of the KB hardback edition.

1

2001

Denzler, Brenda in her “The Lure of the Edge” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 12 (in Chapter 1) of the California hardback edition.

1

2000

Dolan, Richard M in his “UFOs and the National Security State: Volume 1: 1941-1973” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 80-82 (in Chapter 2) of the Keyhole softcover edition, at pages 43-44 of the 2002 revised Hampton Road softcover edition.

3

1994

Fawcett, George and Greenwood, Barry in their “Clear Intent” (1984) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 213-214 (in Chapter 14) of the Spectrum softcover edition (with the same page numbering in the Fireside softcover edition published under the title “The UFO Cover-Up”).

2

1976

Flammonde, Paris in his “Ufo Exist!” (1976) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 216 (in Chapter 11), 240 (in Chapter 12), 386-387 (in Chapter 20) of the Ballantine Books paperback edition.

4

1974

Fowler, Raymond E in his “UFOs: Interplanetary Visitors” (1974) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 228-229 (in Chapter 12) of the Exposition Banner hardback edition, at pages 221-222 of the Bantam paperback edition.

2

1992

Friedman, Stanton and Berliner, Don in their “Crash at Corona” (1992) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 23 (in Chapter 3) of the 1997 Marlowe Company softback edition.

1

1991

Friedman, Stanton in an interview in “UFOs And The Alien Presence: Six Viewpoints” (1991) (Edited by Michael Lindemann) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 47 (in Chapter 1) of the 2002 Group softcover edition.

1

2008

Friedman, Stanton in his “Flying Saucers and Science : A Scientist Investigates the Mysteries of UFOs” (2008) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 112 (in Chapter 4) of the New Page softcover edition.

1

1997

Friedman, Stanton T in his “Top Secret – MAJIC” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 45 (in Chapter 3), 71 (in Chapter 4) with complete text at pages 230-232 (in Appendix B) of the Michael O’ Mara hardback edition.

5

1996

Good, Timothy (with images of complete memo) in his “Beyond Top Secret” (1996) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 311, 313-315, 316-317 (in Chapter 14) of the Sidgwick & Jackson hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Pan paperback edition).

6

1987

Good, Timothy in his “Above Top Secret” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 253-255 (in Chapter 11), with image of complete memo at pages 472-474 (in the Appendix) of the Sidgwick & Jackson hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Guild Publishing hardback edition and the Grafton paperback edition).

6

2006

Good, Timothy in his “Need To Know : UFOs, the Military and Intelligence” (2006) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 103-104, 113 (in Chapter 6) of the Sidgwick & Jackson hardback edition.

3

1999

Hall, Michael David in his “UFOs : A Century of Sightings” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 74-75 (in Chapter 2), 118 (in Chapter 3) of the Galde Press softcover edition.

3

1995

Harbinson, W A in his “Projekt Saucer” (1995) at page 223 (in Chapter 12) of the Box Tree hardback edition.

1

1977

Hynek, J Allen in his “The Hynek UFO Report” (1977) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 4 (in Chapter 1) of the Barnes & Noble hardback reprint (1997) at page 14 of the Dell paperback edition (with the same page numbering in the Sphere paperback edition).

1

1987

Image of the relevant memo included by Good, Timothy in his “Above Top Secret” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 472-474 (in the Appendix) of the Sidgwick & Jackson hardback edition (with the same page numbering in the Guild Publishing hardback edition and the Grafton paperback edition).

3

1975

Jacobs, David Michael in his “The UFO Controversy in America” (1975) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 43-44 (in Chapter 2) of the Indiana hardback edition, pages 37-38 of the Signet paperback edition.

2

1997

Kanon, Gregory M in his “The Great UFO Hoax” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 10, 18, 20 (in Chapter 2) of the Galde Press softcover edition.

3

1973

Keyhoe, Donald E in his “Aliens from Space” (1973) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 6-7 (in Chapter 1) of the Signet paperback edition, pages 18-20 of the Panther paperback edition.

2

1960

Keyhoe, Donald E in his “Flying Saucers: Top Secret” (1960) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 40 (in Chapter 3) of the G P Putnam hardback edition.

1

1987

Kinder, Gary in his “Light Years” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 124 (in Chapter 7) of the Viking hardback edition.

1

1986

Klass, Philip J in “The UFO Invasion” (1997) (edited by Kendrick Frazier, Barry Karr and Joe Nickell) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 69 of the Prometheus hardback edition (in Chapter 6). The relevant chapter is a reprint of an article in the Skeptical Inquirer 10 (Spring 1986).

1

1997

Klass, Philip J in his “The Real Roswell Crashed-Saucer Coverup” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 28-29 (in Chapter 2), 60-61 (in Chapter 7), 174 (in Chapter 22), 204-206 (in Chapter 26) of the Prometheus Books hardback edition.

8

1967

Erskine, Allen Louis in his “Why Are They Watching Us?” (1967) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 41-42 (in Chapter 3) of the Tower paperback edition.

2

2000

Maccabee, Bruce in his “UFO-FBI Connection” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 19-22 (in Chapter 3) of the Llewellyn softcover edition.

4

1997

Marrs, Jim in his “Alien Agenda” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 100-101 (in Chapter 4), 134 (in Chapter 5) of the Harper Collins paperback edition.

3

1999

Matthews, Tim in his “UFO Revelation” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 45-46, 48 (in Chapter 3) of the Blandford softcover edition.

3

1997

Patton, Phil in his “Travels in Dreamland” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 164 (in Chapter 11) of the Orion Media hardback edition.

1

1994

Peebles, Curtis in his “Watch the Skies!” (1994) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 15-16 (Chapter 2, “The Age of Confusion Begins” – in part of a section entitled “Project Sign”) of the Smithsonian hardback edition, pages 17-19 of the Berkley paperback edition.

2

2001

Pflock, Karl T in his “Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 185-186 (in Chapter 15) of the Prometheus hardback edition.

2

2001

Picknett, Lynn in her “The Mammoth Book of UFOs” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 397 (in Chapter 7) of the Robinson softcover edition.

1

1974

Quintanilla, Major Hector, with full text, in his unpublished manuscript entitled “UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma” (copyright 1974) at pages 5-6 of the manuscript, at pages 18-19 of the NIDS pdf version available free on-line on various websites, including at the following link:

http://www.nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf

2

1997

Randle, Kevin and Estes, Russ in their “Spaceships of the Visitors” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 55 (in Part 3) of the Fireside softcover edition.

1

1994

Randle, Kevin and Schmitt, Donald in their “The Truth About the UFO Crash At Roswell” (1994) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 85-91, 92, 93 (in Chapter 13) of the Evans hardback edition.

9

1991

Randle, Kevin D and Schmitt, Donald R in their “UFO Crash at Roswell“ (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 238 (in Appendix A) of the Avon paperback edition.

1

1995

Randle, Kevin in his “A history of UFO crashes” (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 147, 149, 151-156 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “The Twining Letter”) of the Avon paperback edition.

8

2002

Randle, Kevin in his “Case MJ-12” (2002) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 90-92 (in Chapter 5) of the Harper Torch paperback edition.

3

1997

Randle, Kevin in his “Conspiracy of Silence” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 58-60 (in Chapter 3) of the Avon paperback edition.

3

1997

Randle, Kevin in his “Project Bluebook Exposed” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 5 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “In the Beginning…”) of the Marlowe softcover edition.

1

1998

Randle, Kevin in his “Project Moon Dust” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 8-10 (in Chapter 1), 261-264 (in Appendix B) of the Avon softcover edition.

7

2000

Randle, Kevin in his “The Roswell Encyclopedia” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 312 (in an entry entitled “The Real Roswell Crashed-Saucer Coverup by Philip J Klass”), 368-369 (in an entry entitled “Twining, General Nathan F (1897-1982)”), 369-377 (in an entry entitled “The Twining Letter”) of the Quill softcover edition.

12

 

1989

Randle, Kevin in his “The UFO Casebook” (1989) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 163 of the Warner Books paperback edition.

1

1994

Randles, Jenny and Hough, Peter in their “The Complete Book of UFOs” (1994) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 103 (in Chapter 7) of the Piatkus softcover edition.

1

1985

Randles, Jenny and Peter Warrington in their “Science and the UFOs " (1985) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 27 (in Chapter 3) of the Blackwell hardback edition.

1

1988

Randles, Jenny in “Phenomenon“ (1988) (edited by John Spencer and Hilary Evans) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 240 of the MacDonald hardback edition (Part 3, in the unnumbered chapter entitled “Government Cover-Up and Conspiracy”).

1

1984

Randles, Jenny in “The Age of the UFO” (1984) (edited by Peter Brookesmith) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 56 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “ ‘UFOs are bunk’ ”) of the Black Cat hardback edition. The relevant chapter is an article reprinted from the weekly partwork “The Unexplained”.

1

1987

Randles, Jenny in “The UFO Conspiracy” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 23 (in Chapter 3) of the Barnes & Noble hardback edition.

1

2000

Randles, Jenny in her “The Little Giant Encyclopedia of UFOs” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 33-34 (in Part 1, “A UFO Timeline”) of the Sterling softcover edition.

2

1981

Randles, Jenny in her “UFO Study” (1981) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 33 (in Chapter 2) of the Hale hardback edition.

1

1987

Ross, Daniel in his “UFOs and the Complete Evidence from Space: The Truth About Venus, Mars and the Moon” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 18 (in Chapter 1) of the Pintado softcover edition.

1

1956

Ruppelt, Edward J in his “The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects” (1956) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages at 15-16 (in Chapter 2) of the original 17 chapter Doubleday hardback edition, at pages 31-32 of the Gollancz hardback edition, at page 26 of the Ace paperback edition, at pages 15-16 of the 1959 revised Doubleday 20 chapter hardback edition, at page 11 of the reprinted Source Books softcover edition. The first of these editions (i.e. the original 17 chapter hardback edition) has the same page numbering as the version available online at:

http://www.nicap.org/rufo/contents2.htm

2

1996

Rux, Bruce in his “Architects of the Underworld” (1996) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 16-17 (in Chapter 1), 35 (in Chapter 2) of the Frog softcover edition.

3

1997

Sellier, Charles E and Meier, Joe in their “UFO” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 29 (in Chapter 2) of the Contemporary Books hardback edition.

1

1997

Shawcross, Tim in his “The Roswell File” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 138-140 (in Chapter 8), 211 (in Chapter 14) of the Bloomsbury softcover edition.

4

1998

Sheaffer, Robert in his “UFO Sightings: The Evidence” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 57 (in Chapter 4) of the Prometheus hardback edition.

1

1997

Spencer, John and Spencer, Anne in their “Fifty Years of UFOs” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 17 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “1947-1957”) of the Boxtree hardback edition.

1

1966

Stanton, L Jerome in his “Flying Saucers : Hoax or Reality?” (1966) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 108-109 (in Chapter 7) of the Belmont paperback edition.

2

1981

Story, Ronald in his “UFOs and the Limits of Science” (1981) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 49-51 (Chapter 2) of the NEL Hardback edition.

3

1991

Swords, Michael D in “The Roswell Report : A Historical Perspective” (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) (edited by Eberhart, George) at pages 14-15 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “The summer of 1947 : UFOs and the US government at the beginning”) of the CUFOS paperback edition.

2

1960

Tacker, Lawrence (Lieutenant Colonel) in his “Flying Saucers and the U.S. Air Force” (1960) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 83 of the D Van Nostrand hardback edition (in Chapter 7). Partially quoted at page 13 (in Chapter 2).

1

1991

Thompson, Keith in his “Angels and Aliens: UFOs and the Mythic Imagination” (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 5-6 (in Chapter 1) of the Fawcett softcover edition.

2

1993

Thompson, Richard in his “Alien Identities: Ancient Insights into Modern UFO Pheonemena” (1993) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 79-80 (in Chapter 3) of the GHP revised softcover edition.

2

1966

Trench, Brinsley Le Poer in his “The Flying Saucer Story” (1966) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 17 (in Chapter 2) of the revised Tandem paperback edition.

1

1980

Von Buttlar, Johannes in his “The UFO Phenomenon” (1980) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 18-19 (in Chapter 1) of the Book Club Associates hardback edition.

2

 

Other Material